Synthesis and Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene Blended with Sand Apricot Seed Oil (SAO) used as a Plasticizer

PDF Review History

Published: 2024-02-10

Page: 36-46


Nwanneka Emilian Ireh

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Emmanuel Chidiebere Ezeh

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Okechukwu Paul Nsude

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Kingsley John Orie *

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Emmanuel Agbaeze

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria.

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.


Abstract

Polystyrene (PS) is well recognized as the most resilient thermoplastic polymer and is utilized in a diverse array of products owing to its adaptable characteristics. The present study centres on the synthesis and mechanical characterization of polystyrene blended with sand apricot seed oil (SAO), which was used as a plasticizer. SAO was extracted with hexane and employed as a plasticizer for styrene suspension polymerization. The findings on the quality of oil were explained in terms of  oil content (9.0), specific gravity (0.931 ± 0.00), acid value (12.083 ± 0.12 mg KOH), iodine value (118.987 ± 0.40), saponification values (283.271), viscosity (85.23 Ns/m2), and refractive index (1.412). The FTIR of SAO affirmed the presence of alkene, isothiocyanate, phosphine, and alcohol, with a vibration frequency of 1607.612cm-1, 2064.996 cm-1, 2450.856cm-1 and 3896.258 cm-1. The mechanical properties of the polystyrene blend with sand apricot seed oil (PS-SAO) at 100g obtained were ultimate tensile strength (58.6 MPa), Young modulus (1996.1 MPa), % elongation (13.4%), break load (500.6 N), peak load (586.7 N), and Shore D hardness (80.0). The results indicated that the mechanical characteristics of PS-SAO were comparable to those of the traditional white petroleum oil employed as a plasticizer. It is advisable to use sand apricot seed oil as a plasticizer due to its accessibility, affordability, and eco-friendliness.

Keywords: SCE, Mechanical properties, SCD, oil, Bone marrow, plasticizers, polystyrene, sand apricot seed


How to Cite

Ireh , N. E., Ezeh , E. C., Nsude , O. P., Orie , K. J., & Agbaeze , E. (2024). Synthesis and Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene Blended with Sand Apricot Seed Oil (SAO) used as a Plasticizer. Asian Basic and Applied Research Journal, 6(1), 36–46. Retrieved from https://jofresearch.com/index.php/ABAARJ/article/view/135


References

Patil A, Patel A, Purohit R. An overview of polymeric materials for automotive applications. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2017;4(2):3807-15.

Akbulut G, Bulbul Sonmez H. Synthesis of styrene and n-butyl acrylate latex polymers modified by functional monomers and their waterborne paint applications. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. 2022; 19(5):1421-1435.

Palaniappan SK, Chinnasamy M, Rathanasamy R, Pal SK. Synthetic Binders for Polymer Division. Green Adhesives: Preparation, Properties and Applications. 2020;12:227-72.

Davoodi S, Al-Shargabi M, Wood DA, Rukavishnikov VS, Minaev KM. Thermally stable and salt-resistant synthetic polymers as drilling fluid additives for deployment in harsh sub-surface conditions: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2023;371: 121117.

Dimitrov I, Jankova K, Hvilsted S. Synthesis of polystyrene‐based random copolymers with balanced number of basic or acidic functional groups. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 2010;48(9):2044-52.

Kausar A. Technical viewpoint on polystyrene/graphene nanocomposite. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. 2022;35(10):1757-71.

Orie KJ, Duru RU, Ngochindo RI. Synthesis and Complexation of Monotosylated 4-Aminopyridine with Nickel (II) and Iron (II) Ions. Makara Journal of Science. 2021;25(3):6-11.

Czogała J, Pankalla E, Turczyn R. Recent attempts in the design of efficient PVC plasticizers with reduced migration. Materials. 2021;14(4):844.

Zhao Y, Malzbender J, Gross SM. The effect of room temperature and high temperature exposure on the elastic modulus, hardness and fracture toughness of glass ceramic sealants for solid oxide fuel cells. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2011;31(4):541-8.

Gorsche C, Koch T, Moszner N, Liska R. Exploring the benefits of β-allyl sulfones for more homogeneous dimethacrylate photopolymer networks. Polymer Chemistry. 2015;6(11):2038-47.

Merle B, Maier-Kiener V, Pharr GM. Influence of modulus-to-hardness ratio and harmonic parameters on continuous stiffness measurement during nanoindentation. Acta materialia. 2017; 134:167-76.

Luo J, Jiang S, Wu Y, Chen M, Liu X. Synthesis of stable aqueous dispersion of graphene/polyaniline composite mediated by polystyrene sulfonic acid. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 2012;50(23):4888-94.

Worzakowska M. Thermal and mechanical properties of polystyrene modified with esters derivatives of 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2015;121:235-43.

Hong Y, Chen CY, Wu CC, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. A novel personal passive sampler for collecting gaseous phthalates. Environmental Science & Technology. 2021;55(23):15961-8.

Orie KJ, Duru RU, Ngochindo RI. Synthesis, complexation and biological activity of aminopyridine: a mini-review. American Journal of Heterocycl Chem. 2021;7(2):11-25.

Höfer R, Hinrichs K. Additives for the Manufacture and Processing of Polymers. Polymers-Opportunities and Risks II: Sustainability, Product Design and Processing. 2010:97-145.

Lang X, Jia W, Wang Y, Zhu Z. Novel fluorination of polystyrene sulfonic acid resin by CF3SO3H for high stability and strong acidity. Catalysis Communications. 2015;70:58-61.

Tavakoli J, Ghorbani A, Hematian Sourki A, Ghani A, Zarei Jelyani A, Kowalczewski PŁ, Aliyeva A, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Thermal processing of pomegranate seed oils underscores their antioxidant stability and nutritional value: Comparison of pomegranate seed oil with sesame seed oil. Food Science & Nutrition; 2024.

Baumgärtel C, Lautenschläger T. The genus Landolphia P. Beauv. (Apocynaceae): A comprehensive review on its ethnobotanical utilizations, pharmacology and nutritional potential. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2023; 303:115946.

Opaleke DO, Salami LI, Uko-Aviomoh EE, Ijabadeniyi OA, Arise AK. Determination of proximate composition, phytochemical contents, amino acid profile, and functional characteristics of Landolphia togolana root bark as a potential functional food. CMU J. Nat. Sci. 2022;21(1):2020.

Ezeh EC, Chime CC, Nweze BN, Okenwa JC, Chukwuma SA, Nnaona CC. Novel Facile Technique for the Determination of Binding Strength of Adhesives. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2019;47(5):3671–3675.

Baumgärtel C, Lautenschläger T. The genus Landolphia P. Beauv.(Apocynaceae): A comprehensive review on its ethnobotanical utilizations, pharmacology and nutritional potential. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2023; 303:115946.

Onoji SE, Iyuke SE, Igbafe AI. Hevea brasiliensis (rubber seed) oil: extraction, characterization, and kinetics of thermo-oxidative degradation using classical chemical methods. Energy & Fuels. 2016; 30(12):10555-10567.

Yiğit D, Yiğit N, Mavi A. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bitter and sweet apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernels. Brazilian Journal of Medical and biological research. 2009;42:346-52.

Korekar G, Stobdan T, Arora R, Yadav A, Singh SB. Antioxidant capacity and phenolics content of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernel as a function of genotype. Plant foods for human nutrition. 2011;66:376-383.

Nsude OP, Orie KJ. Phytochemical constituent and anti-corrosion properties of the root extract of Phyllanthus mellerianus (Nvo-nkwu) plant on mild steel in 1.5 M HCl medium. Chemical Science International Journal. 2022;31(2):21-34.

Okocha BI, Orie KJ, Duru RU, Ngochindo RL. Analysis of the active metabolites of ethanol and ethyl acetate extract of Justicia carnea. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2023;26(1): 109-117.

Ofori H, Bart-Plange A, Addo A, Dzisi KA. Impact of Different Oil Extraction Techniques on the Physicochemical Properties of Adansonia digitata Seed. International Journal of Food Science; 2023.

Matei PL, Deleanu I, Brezoiu AM, Chira NA, Busuioc C, Isopencu G, Cîlțea-Udrescu M, Alexandrescu E, Stoica-Guzun A. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Blackberry Seed Oil: Optimization and Oil Characterization. Molecules. 2023; 28(6):2486.

Odoom W, Edusei VO. Evaluation of saponification value, iodine value and insoluble impurities in coconut oils from Jomoro District of the Western Region of Ghana. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 2015;3(5).

Chieng BW, Ibrahim NA, Then YY, Loo YY. Epoxidized vegetable oils plasticized poly (lactic acid) biocomposites: mechanical, thermal and morphology properties. Molecules. 2014;19(10): 16024-16038.

Amos-Tautua BMW, Onigbinde AO. Physicochemical properties and fatty acid profiles of crude oil extracts from three vegetable seeds. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2013;12(7):647.

Chatepa LEC, Uluko H, Masamba K. Comparison of oil quality extracted from selected conventional and nonconventional sources of vegetable oil from Malawi. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2019;18(8):171-180.

Zahir E, Saeed R, Hameed MA, Yousuf A. Study of physicochemical properties of edible oil and evaluation of frying oil quality by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2017;10:S3870-6.

Sani YM, Daud WMAW, Aziz AA. Activity of solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production: a critical review. Applied Catalysis A: General. 2014;470:140-161.

Aremu MO, Ibrahim H, Bamidele TO. Physicochemical characteristics of the oils extracted from some Nigerian plant foods–a review. Chemical and Process Engineering Research. 2015;32: 36-52.

Konuskan DB, Arslan M, Oksuz A. Physicochemical properties of cold pressed sunflower, peanut, rapeseed, mustard and olive oils grown in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2019;26(2):340-344.

Ishii F, Nii T. Lipid emulsions and lipid vesicles prepared from various phospholipids as drug carriers. In Colloid and interface science in pharmaceutical research and development. 2014; 469-501.

Mitrea L, Teleky BE, Leopold LF, Nemes SA, Plamada D, Dulf FV, Pop ID, Vodnar DC. The physicochemical properties of five vegetable oils exposed at high temperature for a short-time-interval. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2022;106: 104305.

Zhang C, Garrison TF, Madbouly SA, Kessler MR. Recent advances in vegetable oil-based polymers and their composites. Progress in Polymer Science. 2017;71:91-143.

Wang F, Evangelista RF, Threatt TJ, Tavakkoli M, Vargas FM. Determination of volumetric properties using refractive index measurements for nonpolar hydrocarbons and crude oils. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2017;56(11):3107-3115.

Saunders JE, Sanders C, Chen H, Loock HP. Refractive indices of common solvents and solutions at 1550 nm. Applied optics. 2016;55(4):947-53.

Davis JP, Sweigart DS, Price KM, Dean LL, Sanders TH. Refractive index and density measurements of peanut oil for determining oleic and linoleic acid contents. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 2013;90:199-206.

Ivanova M, Hanganu A, Dumitriu R, Tociu M, Ivanov G, Stavarache C, Popescu L, Ghendov-Mosanu A, Sturza R, Deleanu C, Chira NA. Saponification value of fats and oils as determined from 1H-NMR data: The Case of Dairy Fats. Foods. 2022; 11(10):1466.

Donlawson C, Nweneka DO, Orie KJ, Okah R. Synthesis and bioactivity of 1-((2-carbamoylguanidino) (furan-2-ylmethyl) urea. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2020;11(7):280-8.

Orie KJ, James AO, Akaranta O. The Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in 0.5 m Phosphoric Acid and Crown Cork in Water by Folic Acid. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). 2015; 4:1380-5.

Das K, Ray D, Banerjee C, Bandyopadhyay NR, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Novel materials from unsaturated polyester resin/styrene/tung oil blends with high impact strengths and enhanced mechanical properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2011;119(4):2174-2182.

Reza-Barzegari M, Alemdar A, Zhang Y, Rodrigue D. Mechanical and rheological behavior of highly filled polystyrene with lignin. Polymer Composites. 2012;33(3): 353-361.

Garcia‐Garcia D, Ferri JM, Montanes N, Lopez‐Martinez J, Balart R.Plasticization effects of epoxidized vegetable oils on mechanical properties of poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate). Polymer International. 2016;65(10):1157-1164.

Mishra S, Naik JB. Effect of treatment of maleic anhydride on mechanical properties of natural fiber: polystyrene composites. Polymer-Plastic Technology and Engineering. 2005;44(4):663-675